Imperfect Poultry Vax (Marek’s)

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Imperfect Poultry Vax
Chickens immunized against Marek’s disease virus are apt to spread more-virulent versions of the pathogen, a study shows.

By Amanda B. Keener | July 27, 2015

ANDREW READ, PENN STATE UNIVERSITY

The controversial theory that vaccination against some viruses clears the way for their more-virulent relatives has garnered new support. According to a study published today (July 27) in PLOS Biology, inoculating chickens with a live Marek’s disease virus (MDV) vaccine can lengthen the disease transmission period, allowing stronger strains of the virus to reach unvaccinated birds, effectively increasing the virus’s fitness.

Unlike most human vaccines, the MDV vaccine reduces symptoms of disease, but does not prevent infection or viral shedding, making it what scientists call a “leaky” or “imperfect” vaccine. “Our research demonstrates that the use of leaky vaccines can promote the evolution of nastier ‘hot’ viral strains that put unvaccinated individuals at greater risk,” study coauthor Venugopal Nair, the head of the Avian Viral Diseases program at the Pirbright Institute in the U.K., said in a statement.

Nair and his colleagues infected unimmunized or MDV-immunized chickens with more virulent strains of the virus and found that the immunized birds shed more virus during their prolonged illness compared to unvaccinated birds, which all died within two weeks of infection.

“By keeping infected birds alive, vaccination substantially enhances the transmission success and hence spread of virus strains too lethal to persist in unvaccinated populations, which would therefore have been removed by natural selection in the pre-vaccine era,” Nair and his colleagues wrote in their paper.

Although the study did not show that vaccination caused MDV to mutate into more virulent forms, Nair said that the prolonged infection period within immunized chickens could give the virus more time to morph.

“Though, as far as I am aware, there is no direct evidence that this has actually happened in the field, it is a plausible risk that needs to be taken into account in designing vaccines,” Philip Minor, head of the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control’s Division of Virology, who was not involved in the work, said in a statement e-mailed to reporters. “These risks are already carefully considered . . . in implementing new human vaccine programs.”

Follow-up:

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Study: Poultry at risk from ‘leaky’ Marek’s vaccination

Scientific experiments with the herpes virus strain that causes Marek's disease in poultry have shown, for the first time, that some types of vaccines allow for the evolution and survival of increasingly virulent versions of a virus that could put unvaccinated individuals at greater risk of severe illness.

While many human vaccines – such as common childhood vaccines – work perfectly, others could be improved. These 'imperfect' vaccines still prevent the vaccinated host from getting sick but do not prevent the transmission of the virus. In the case of Marek's disease in poultry, this led to the survival of increasingly virulent versions of a virus in the population, putting unvaccinated individuals at greater risk of severe illness. The research has important implications for food-chain security and food-chain economics, as well as for other diseases that affect humans and agricultural animals.

Leaky or imperfect vaccines

The new research, Imperfect Vaccination Can Enhance the Transmission of Highly Virulent Pathogens, which was published in the Open Access journal PLOS Biology, investigates how the use of "leaky" or "imperfect" vaccines can influence the evolution of virulence in viruses. The work was carried out by an international group led by Prof. Andrew Read, the Evan Pugh Professor of Biology and Entomology and Eberly Professor in Biotechnology at Penn State University, and Prof. Venugopal Nair, the Head of the Avian Viral Diseases programme at The Pirbright Institute.

Imperfect, or leaky, vaccines are known as such because they prevent the vaccinated host from getting sick but do not prevent the transmission of the virus, thus the virus is able to survive and to spread throughout a population. "In our tests of the leaky Marek's disease virus in groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens, the unvaccinated died while those that were vaccinated survived, and transmitted the virus to other birds left in contact" Nair said. "Our research demonstrates that the use of leaky vaccines can promote the evolution of nastier 'hot' viral strains that put unvaccinated individuals at greater risk."

Poultry industry reliant on vaccines for disease control

"Our research demonstrates that another vaccine type allows extremely virulent forms of a virus to survive – like the one for Marek's disease in poultry, against which the poultry industry is heavily reliant on vaccination for disease control" said Prof. Nair. "These vaccines also allow the virulent virus to continue evolving precisely because they allow the vaccinated individuals, and therefore themselves, to survive".

"Vaccines for human diseases are the least-expensive, most-effective public-health interventions we ever have had," Read said. "But the concern now is about the next-generation vaccines. If the next-generation vaccines are leaky, they could drive the evolution of more-virulent strains of the virus." He also recommends vaccination for individual protection. "When evolution toward more-virulent virus strains takes place as a result of vaccination practices, it is the unvaccinated individuals who are at the greatest risk. Those who are not vaccinated will be exposed, without any protection, to the hottest strains of a virus. Our research provides strong evidence for the importance of getting vaccinated."

by WORLD POULTRY Aug 3, 2015